Lithium has become a key element for the energy transition, especially due to its role in lithium-ion batteries used in electric mobility, portable electronics and energy storage. Its global demand is rising rapidly, requiring a sustainable supply chain capable of addressing technological and environmental challenges.
This article reviews the main lithium sources, the environmental impacts of its extraction, and current separation and recovery methods (such as solvent extraction, adsorption, ion exchange and membranes). It also analyses recent advances, limitations of these technologies, and the strategic role of battery recycling and industrial waste. Finally, it identifies existing gaps to strengthen the lithium supply chain in support of the energy transition.
